Chena River Waterfront: Chapter 4 Results of the Investigations

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Chapter Contents

Weaver, Robert M., and Peter M. Bowers (1998) 4.0 Results of the Investigations. In Historical Development of the Chena River Waterfront, Fairbanks, Alaska: An Archaeological Perspective, edited and compiled by Peter M. Bowers and Brian L. Gannon, CD-ROM. Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Fairbanks.

The following section provides both historical background and archaeological interpretation of each area investigated by the Barnette Archaeological Project. The discussion of archaeological fieldwork specifically addresses objectives, activities, and procedures for the testing and mitigation aspects of the project. We then provide a more detailed discussion of each area including: 1) the context of historical activities that have a bearing on site interpretation; 2) a discussion of the structural and architectural aspects based on historical documents and archaeological information; and 3) a summary discussion of findings incorporating the historical and archaeological record. Additional details of the field excavations and stratigraphy, artifacts, features, faunal material, and methods are presented in Appendices 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9.

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Section 4.1 Archaeological Fieldwork

Section 4.2 Early Historic Cabin

Section 4.3 The California Saloon

Setion 4.4 Northern Commerical Company Dock

Section 4.5 River Bank Dump

Section 4.6 Garden Island and Miners' Home Saloon

Section 4.7 Samson Hardware

Section 4.8 Noyes Slough

Endnotes

¹Gannon 1992.
²First Avenue was originally called Front Street. We do not know when the official name changed.
³For example Lazenby 1990.
⁴top row: wire bale handle, horseshoe, metal stars; middle row: cigar holder, cartridge cases (3), insulator cleat fragment, linotype, buttons (2), 1901 U.S. half-dollar, screws (2); bottom row: key, chain segment.
⁵Wickersham photo, 8/3/04.
⁶Robe 1943:151.
⁷Ketz and Arundale 1986:34.
⁸Dawson Klondike News, 6 April 1903.
⁹Robe 1943:150-151.
¹⁰Daily Klondike Nugget, 31 March 1903.
¹¹Unattributed copy of a Dawson newspaper in Terrence Cole's files; Dawson Nugget, 6 April 1903.
¹²Wickersham 1938:186.
¹³Town Lot Book, 1903.
¹⁴Town Lot Book, 1903(1):167.
¹⁵Town Lot Book, 1903(1):136-137.
¹⁶Ketz and Arundale 1986:34-37.
¹⁷Bowers et al. 1994.
¹⁸The Tanana Gold Fields May 1904:1; Fairbanks Miner May 1903:2, In Wickersham 1938:210.
¹⁹Robe 1943.
²⁰The Tanana Gold Fields May 1904:19.
²¹Town Lot Book, 1903. The former Lot 1 is now Lot 16; Figure 1.2.
²²His partners are even more poorly documented. Fred Dunbar is listed as a miner in the 1909-10 Gazetteer, living at 88 First Ave. Charles Scott is not listed.
²³Yukon Sun, 31 March 1903.
²⁴Wickersham 1938:216; Dawson Yukon Sun, 24 November 1903.
²⁵Wickersham photo, August 3, 1904.
²⁶The Fairbanks Miner, 1903 Vol 1(1). Reproduced in Wickersham 1938:216.
²⁷Tanana Gold Fields, 1904.
²⁸Yukon Sun, 24 November 1903.
²⁹Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 13 March 1930.
³⁰Adney 1900:197.
³¹Robe 1943; Wickersham, 1938; Adams 1961.
³²Clark 1967:197-198.
³³top row: outlet plate, meat grinder disk, ink bottle, eagle flag pole finial, valve; middle row: valve, hose coupling, arc lamp electrode tip, plastic die, large plastic button, pull chain, peach pit, metal buckle, carafe handle, wrist watch, electrical plug, brush; bottom row: pocket knife, glass bottle stopper, key, screw, suspender clip, coin, plastic buckle fragment, tube fuse, pyramidal plastic button.
³⁴top row: saucer, bowl, decorative wooden knob, shot glass; middle row: wiring fixture, glass "ramshorn" insulator, canning jar lid, glass vial, glass topper, decorative light bulb, small decorative glass beads, spoon, plastic bottle spout, candle; bottom row: Mentholatum tube, coin, button, coin, button, token, marble, California Saloon token, tear tab ("57"), stemmed glass base, flashlight bulb.
³⁵left to right: Squirt™ soda bottle, wine bottle, Coca-Cola bottle, small "pumpkin" flask, beer bottle, florida water bottle, large "pumpkin" flask, distilled liquor bottle, wine bottle, Quaker Maid whickey flask, beer bottle, medicine bottle, Gordon's gin bottle (square), Fratelli Branca bottle, food jar, beer bottle, distilled liquor bottle, shouldered beer bottle, canning jar, flask, wine bottle, food jar, flask.
³⁶top row: stove pipe damper, ribbed hose coupling, Peerless beer tap, shot glass, Edgeworth tobacco tin; middle row: brass spigot, coins (3), .22 cartridges (2), wire eyeglass frame, W.A. bank leather pouch/gold poke, pencil base, paint brush head, cork pen nib, belt fragment, scissors handle, wing bolt, toothpaste tube cap, nut pick; bottom row: scale weight, metal washer, key, Rowlett Mfg. Co. tag, button, thin wire coil, toy watch, decorative stick pin, brass buckle, bed frame spring.
³⁷top row: saucer, ink bottles (3); middle row: bowl, pipe bowl, fuse, glass bottle stopper, poker chips (2), toothbrushes (2), Duffy's Malt Liquor spoon; bottom row: tube insulator, cleat insulator, spool insulator, base of 2-piece spool insulator, button, glass bottle stoppers, metal post button, buttons (2), glass rod.
³⁸left to right, back to front: soda bottle, Lavoris bottle, wine bottle, medicine bottle, wine bottle, milk bottle, SB vanilla extract bottle, beer bottle, liquor flask, cold cream jar, Ed Pinaud perfume bottle, beer bottle, wine bottle, small medicine bottles (2), liquor bottle, wine bottle, Fox oyster bottle, wine bottle, wine bottle (dark), flask, Nome Brewing and Bottle Co. beer bottle (broken), dark whiskey bottle, clear beer bottle, shouldered amber beer bottle, Pineoluem bottle, wine bottle, condiment [catsup] bottle, Schwabacher Extract flat panel bottle.
³⁹Fairbanks Deeds, 5:62; Fairbanks Deeds, 1904 4.
⁴⁰Wickersham photograph collection, Wickersham House, Juneau.
⁴¹Wold 1988:14; Edward Stroeker was the father of William Stroeker, a long time Fairbanks resident. Bill Stroeker, now in his 80s, visited the site in 1993.
⁴²Robe, Cecil F. "Historical Reminiscences." Correspondence, research notes. University of Alaska Archives, Cecil Robe Collection, Box 7; M3 I4. From a student paper by William G. Stroecker written in 1942 "A Biography [of Edward Stroecker]"
⁴³Yukon World, 13 July 1905:1.
⁴⁴Weekly Fairbanks News, 3 August 1905.
⁴⁵Fairbanks Deeds, 5:63.
⁴⁶Fairbanks Deeds, 5:64-66.
⁴⁷Evidence for the appearance of "one vast room" as opposed to "one room with an annex" is given in a court proceeding involving Judge James Wickersham; Ex. Doc. No. 7 of the 59th Congress.
⁴⁸The Miners' Union Bulletin, 20 January 1907 1:2 has an advertisement with a poem.
⁴⁹The Miners' Union Bulletin, 21 September 1908, 20 January 1907, 22 March 1909, 20 September 1909, 22 November 1909.
⁵⁰The Miners' Union Bulletin, 23 December 1907.
⁵¹Alaska Daily Citizen, 1 January 1912.
⁵²Polk City Directory, 1907-08, 1909-10.
⁵³Wickersham diary 15 March 1908; cited in Atwood 1979:172.
⁵⁴The Miners' Union Bulletin, 23 March 1908:1.
⁵⁵Tanana Miner, 19 October 1908 (Cecil Robe collection, UAF Archives, MF 65 Reel 4).
⁵⁶The Miners' Union Bulletin, 13 September 1909.
⁵⁷The Miners' Union Bulletin, 25 January 1909.
⁵⁸Alaska Daily Citizen, 29 April 1912.
⁵⁹Alaska Daily Citizen, 17 March 1913.
⁶⁰Polk City Directory, 1915:993 lists 14 saloons in that year.
⁶¹"Lots Number One (1) and Two.(2), in Block sixteen (16) according to the official survey of the town of Fairbanks made by L.S. Robe in the year 1909, formerly known as and called Lot numbered One (1) and the East one-half (1/2) of Lot numbered two (2) West between First and Second Avenue ... frontage of about seventy-five (75) feet on First Avenue, and about seventy-five (75) feet on Second Avenue and being in length about one hundred and fifty feet (150) together with buildings and improvements" (Fairbanks Deeds, 18:370).
⁶²Alaska Daily Citizen, 15 February 1915.
⁶³"Lots number One (1) and Two(2) in Block Sixteen (16) according to the official survey of the Town of Fairbanks made by L.S. Robe in the year 1909, formerly known as and called Lot number One (1) and the east half (E1/2) of Lot numbered Two(2)" (Fairbanks Deeds, 20:623).
⁶⁴"The westerly portion of Lot Two (2) Block Sixteen (16) adjoining Lot three (3) in said block, known as the Northern Hotel Premises having frontage of 14.2 feet on First Avenue and 18.2 feet on Second Avenue" (Fairbanks Deeds, 21:48).
⁶⁵"Lot Number 1 in block 16... with all structures and improvements thereon" (Fairbanks Deeds, 23: 133)
⁶⁶The 1915 Polk City Directory, does not list the Red, White, and Blue Cigar Store, nor does the 1923 directory, so the store was short lived.
⁶⁷Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 21 April 1923.
⁶⁸Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 24 November 1922.
⁶⁹A large sign advertizing the Star Taxi Co. was recovered from the excavations in Area C in 1992.
⁷⁰Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 26 April 1946.
⁷¹The Miners' Union Bulletin, 10 June 1908; Cecil Robe collection, UAF Archives, MF 65 Reel 4.
⁷²Advertisement from the Miners' Union Bulletin, 10 June 1908; Cecil Robe collection, UAF Archives, MF 65 Reel 4.
⁷³Alaska Daily Citizen, 1 January 1912.
⁷⁴Paige 1905:107-108.
⁷⁵Clark 1967:197-198.
⁷⁶The Miners' Union Bulletin, 21 September 1908.
⁷⁷Clark 1967:198-200.
⁷⁸Clark 1967:198-200.
⁷⁹Clark 1967:198-199.
⁸⁰Clark 1967:198-199.
⁸¹Murie 1978:22.
⁸²Tanana Miner, 19 October 1908.
⁸³Spude et al. 1993.
⁸⁴see also quote from The Miners' Union Bulletin in Historical Context, Section 4.3 (footnote 51).
⁸⁵The douche bag was found in Area B1.
⁸⁶Barker and Goff 1986.
⁸⁷Beer, along with lumber, fabricated metal items such as boilers used by miners, and agricultural produce were the main products of local manufacture in the early days of Fairbanks.
⁸⁸Wold 1988:62-64. A later post-Prohibition brewery, the Midnight Sun Brewery, operated in the area now occupied by the Fairbanks North Star Borough administrative offices.
⁸⁹Not the west end as given in the Fairbanks Evening News, 12 September 1905; and in Naske and Rowinski 1981:28.
⁹⁰Naske and Rowinski 1981.
⁹¹Fairbanks Evening News, 12 September 1905.
⁹²Naske and Rowinski 1981.
⁹³Wold 1988.
⁹⁴Wold 1988; national Prohibition outlawed the sale of beer after May 1, 1919 following the enactment of the 18th Amendment. The so-called "Alaska Bone Dry" law went into effect on January 1, 1918, giving communities a local option regarding liquor sales.
⁹⁵R.L. Polk and Company 1909, and 1915.
⁹⁶Polk 1909, and 1915.
⁹⁷Wold 1988.
⁹⁸Wold 1988.
⁹⁹Polk 1909, and 1915.
¹⁰⁰Toulouse 1971; Adams 1977.
¹⁰¹Ayers et al. 1992; Druss and Druss 1983.
¹⁰²Toulouse 1971; Adams 1977.
¹⁰³Ayers 1992; Druss and Druss 1983; the American Bottle Company was bought out by the Owens Bottle Company in 1916 (Toulouse 1971).
¹⁰⁴Toulouse 1971; Ayers et al. 1992; Depuydt 1996. The dating of ABGM Co. bottles is supported by recent research from gold rush era excavations in Skagway where these bottles were found within an archaeological context dating to between 1887 and 1910.
¹⁰⁵Also, brown glass was used in greater quantities after Prohibition (Michael Polak, personal communication 1997.)
¹⁰⁶Included here are all "saloon" functional areas of the site containing "Code 22" glass. Approximately 315 pieces (1,642.9g, the equivalent of about 3 whole bottles) of "Code 22" bottle glass were found in non-saloon contexts. Finding typologically-early glass in 1923-50 levels is not at all improbable, as "Code 22" glass was available for distribution at least up until 1915, and major remodeling of many former Fairbanks saloons took place in the early 1920s following Prohibition, with the result that glass fragments and broken bottles were thrown over the river bank.
¹⁰⁷If they were reused, it is unlikely that they were refilled by any brewery other than the Barthel Brewery or the Arctic Brewery, due to the prohibitive cost of shipping empty containers south. Bottle reuse is discussed in detail in Busch 1987:67-80. In the early stages of our analysis, we were not able to prove the connection between the artifacts and the local brewery. No well-preserved bottles with complete intact labels were found at the site, and an exhaustive search for bottles with intact labels in museums and private collections, antique stores, and curio shops failed to yield the proof we sought. However, we eventually located a 1915 Barthel Brewery advertisement in which a "B.B.C." label is clearly shown (Figure 4.42). We then re-checked the collection and located a tiny fragment of label on an "AB Co." bottle, matching the lettering style shown in the ad. We therefore believe that the "AB," "AB Co.," and "ABGM" bottle types, and by association the "Code 22" glass fragments, were locally used (and recycled ?) to bottle Barthel Brewery beer.
¹⁰⁸top row: light bulb, Edison-type light bulb, glass vial, tube insulator, spool insulator; middle row: eyeglass frame with leather shade, Rainier Beer promotional package, Northern Navigation Co. baggage tag, telephone bell; bottom row: improvised S-hook, spoon, button, suspender slide, coin, lead (Skagway) customs seal, .22 bullet, cartridge, curtain rod bracket, spark plug, fuse, "railroad" spike, heavy metal washer (spacer).
¹⁰⁹left to right: food jar, square bottle, medicine bottle, Glover Mange Cure bottle (foreground), medicine bottle with pills, medicine bottle, medicine bottle (liquid), Johnson & Johnson jar, Pond's Extract bottle, calibrated medicine bottle, Listerine bottle, medicine bottle.
¹¹⁰Hedrick and Savage 1988; also Haigh 1984:2-3.
¹¹¹Haigh 1984.
¹¹²March 3, 1903 deed between E.T. Barnette and NC Co., San Francisco, CA. Note: this deed included all but 40 feet (approximately half) of the Cushman-Turner Street block as well (all but what Barnette had already deeded to James Wickersham in April of 1903), but that lot was deeded to Isabelle Barnette by NC Co. on March 4, 1904 in San Francisco.
¹¹³Kitchener 1954:297-298.
¹¹⁴This building, formerly the oldest surviving commercial building in Fairbanks, survived until July 1992, when it was torn down to make room for the Key Bank parking lot.
¹¹⁵Kitchener 1954.
¹¹⁶The Northern Navigation Company was dissolved in early 1921, transferring all assets to the Northern Commercial Company. Alaska Commercial Company Records, Stanford University Archives, Box 50, Book 3, NC Co. Board meeting minutes, 1917-21:123.
¹¹⁷Their main rival was the North American Transportation and Trading Company, which operated until 1912. The Pioneer Dock, located downstream from the NC Dock across from the Pioneer Hotel, was the headquarters for this company in Fairbanks. The Pioneer Dock was removed sometime between 1920 and 1923. Ketz and Arundale 1986:61-68.
¹¹⁸Hedrick and Savage 1988:3-4 (plates).
¹¹⁹Ketz and Arundale 1986:48.
¹²⁰Ketz and Arundale 1986:48.
¹²¹Ketz and Arundale 1986:50; Kitchener 1954.
¹²²Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹²³Ketz and Arundale 1986:57.
¹²⁴Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹²⁵Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹²⁶Alaska Commercial Company Records, Stanford University Archives, Box 50, Book 2, NC Co. Board meeting minutes, 1912-16:51.
¹²⁷Ketz and Arundale 1986:57-61.
¹²⁸Ketz and Arundale 1986:61.
¹²⁹Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹³⁰Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹³¹Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹³²The NC Co. was dissolved in California in 1925, according to archival sources. Alaska Commercial Company Records, Stanford University Archives, Box 50, Book 3, NC Co. Board meeting minutes, 1921-26:316. However, the Fairbanks operations were bought out in 1922 by a "group of fellow veteran employees and some Northern pioneers," headed by NC's superintendent of Alaska operations, Volney Richmond. Richmond was elected president and served as the company's chief officer until his death in 1957. In The Flag, a publication of the Northern Commercial Company, January 1977.
¹³³Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 19 June 1922.
¹³⁴Hedrick and Savage 1988:96-100.
¹³⁵Ketz and Arundale 1986; Kitchener 1954 gives a length of 250 feet but Ketz and Arundale feel 150 feet is more likely based on the size of the lot.
¹³⁶Kitchener 1954:297.
¹³⁷Thiele 1922.
¹³⁸Ketz and Arundale 1986.
¹³⁹Ketz and Arundale 1986:38-39. Photo from the vertical files [101.14], Alaska and Polar Regions Archives, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
¹⁴⁰Ketz and Arundale 1986:38-39. Photo from the Charles Bunnell collection [2.16], Alaska and Polar Regions Archives, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
¹⁴¹Fairbanks Evening News, 15 August 1905:4; Fairbanks Evening News, 25 August 1905:4.
¹⁴²Ketz and Arundale 1986:70; Fairbanks Evening News, 9 August 1905:4.
¹⁴³Ketz and Arundale 1986:70.
¹⁴⁴top row: oil can, Dr. Tullar's vaginal spray, glass pitcher handle, glass "Pony" insulator, enamelware tea pot; middle row: small metal spike, metal mesh purse, butter knife blade, Monkey Grip tube, wooden cleat/tie-down; bottom row: poison bottle, electrical adapter, curling iron, Indian head nickel, ivory die, brass cap, dog tax tag, suspender slides (2), electrode, caster, metal buckle, shoe sole, door knob.
¹⁴⁵top row: plate, laquer-painted ceramic lid, ink well, stemmed glass, decorative glass plate; middle row: bowl, light bulb, small crystal glass dish, decorative pin; bottom row: cup, bowl, pipe stem, fuse body, glass thermometer fragment, glass lid, glass custard cup.
¹⁴⁶left to right: condiment bottle, food jar, perfume bottle, graduated bottle, small food jar, tall Heinz bottle, magnesium citrate bottle, small perfume bottle, green beer bottle, tall clear beer bottle, food jar, small brown medicine bottle, green wine bottle, shouldered amber beer bottle, rectangular medicine bottle, wine bottle, brown Clorox bottle, graduated medicine bottle, wide-mouth Wellcome Chemical bottle, Heinz (relish) bottle, Folger's extract bottle, Vicks jar.
¹⁴⁷Clark 1967:206.
¹⁴⁸Wold 1989:80.
¹⁴⁹Kitchener 1954:314-315.
¹⁵⁰Wold 1971:40.
¹⁵¹Ketz and Arundale 1986:70.
¹⁵²Riverboat traffic continued in other parts of the Territory, especially to isolated villages along the Yukon River, for several decades after it ended in Fairbanks.
¹⁵³The owners of the Chuckwagon renamed their bar the "Miners' Home Saloon" shortly after our excavations were completed in 1993.
¹⁵⁴Lazenby 1990.
¹⁵⁵top row: hand-made rodent screen, liquor flask, table knife, enamelware serving spoon, linoleum; middle row: Quaker Maid Whiskey mini bottle, shoe sole, Brunt cleat insulator, lag screw, shot glass, lamp burner; bottom row: enamelware plate, suspender clasp, Bayer medicine bottle, poker chip, stemmed glass base, hotelware saucer, chatelain purse frame, cigar store token, medicine bottle.
¹⁵⁶left to right: beer bottle, "pumpkin" flask, Lemp beer bottle, green wine bottle, ribbed food jar, Quaker Maid Whiskey bottle, green Guinness beer bottle, wine bottle, rectangular flask, beer bottle, Welch's grape juice bottle.
¹⁵⁷Hedrick and Savage 1988:35; Cole 1989.
¹⁵⁸Ketz and Arundale 1986:21-25.
¹⁵⁹A portion of this bridge may still remain buried at the intersection of Turner Street and First Avenue. When First Avenue was rebuilt in 1981, a large wooden structure was encountered, measuring approximately 100 feet long oriented north-south. It was reportedly constructed of large planks connected by spikes (3/4x12x18 inches). Minor amounts of this feature were torn up by construction, but most of it was apparently left intact (Gannon 1992).
¹⁶⁰Ketz and Arundale 1986:28-32; Hedrick and Savage 1988:78.
¹⁶¹Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 24 April 1917.
¹⁶²Ketz and Arundale 1986:83; Matheson 1978:55; Cole 1989:6.
¹⁶³Cole 1989:6.
¹⁶⁴Lazenby 1990:51.
¹⁶⁵Ketz and Arundale 1986:83; Matheson 1978:55.
¹⁶⁶Ketz and Arundale 1986:79.
¹⁶⁷Ketz and Arundale 1986:91.
¹⁶⁸Polk 1907-08:254.
¹⁶⁹Ketz and Arundale 1986:83.
¹⁷⁰This mill, the so-called "Citizen's Mill," was located on Garden Island (presumably close to Samson Hardware). It was a small, publicly-owned three-stamp mill designed to stimulate interest in hard-rock mining. The TVRR shipped ore in from the mines free of charge to assist in the development of hard rock mining, and the railroad had tracks leading right up to the front door of the Samson business. The importance of this first stamp mill is that Fairbanks miners could for the first time begin to seriously consider lode mining, at a time when most of the easily-obtainable paystreaks had been worked out of the high-grade placer deposits. The Citizen's Mill was followed a year later by a larger mill built on the hill slope behind the town of Chena. By 1912, fifteen mills were operating at various locations in the Fairbanks District. Several of the other mills manufactured for mining operations in the creeks were also made by the Brumbaugh, Hamilton, and Kellogg foundry (Anonymous. "Many Stamps are Crushing Golden Ore" In The Tanana Magazine - Quartz Edition. 1912:23-25).
¹⁷¹Hedrick and Savage 1988:82.
¹⁷²Ketz and Arundale 1986:18; Solka and Bremer 1980:69.
¹⁷³Ketz and Arundale 1986:89, 92.
¹⁷⁴Ketz and Arundale 1986:89; Matheson 1978:55.
¹⁷⁵Solka and Bremer 1980:31.
¹⁷⁶Solka and Bremer 1980.
¹⁷⁷This building was moved to the present site of the "Big I" Bar. The original International Hotel burned in the 1940s; Jack Sexton, personal communication, 1993.
¹⁷⁸Matheson 1978:40.
¹⁷⁹Ketz and Arundale 1986:86.
¹⁸⁰Ketz and Arundale 1986:89; Matheson 1978.
¹⁸¹Hedrick and Savage 1988:76; Solka and Bremer 1980. In the mid-1920s, the Fairbanks Exploration Company (F.E. Co.) moved to the north end of present-day Illinois Street, and constructed an industrial complex consisting of an office, warehouses, machine shop, and assay office (Cole 1989:12). The business section of Garden Island continued to expand, and residential neighborhoods, originally for railroad and F.E. Co. employees, also grew (Matheson 1978).
¹⁸²Ketz and Arundale 1986:86.
¹⁸³Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 6 April 1909 and 19 September 1909.
¹⁸⁴Naske and Rowinski 1981:180.
¹⁸⁵Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 6 April 1909.
¹⁸⁶Solka and Bremer 1980.
¹⁸⁷Wimmler 1927.
¹⁸⁸Dawson Daily News, 28 May 1907.
¹⁸⁹Dawson Daily News, 10 April 1907.
¹⁹⁰Atwood 1979:171.
¹⁹¹Clark, John. Papers. Folder No. 36 in Acc. No. 86-090. University of Alaska Archives, Fairbanks, 1906-30:1.
¹⁹²Atwood 1979:171.
¹⁹³Clark 1906-30:1-20.
¹⁹⁴Dawson Daily News, 5 June 1907.
¹⁹⁵Clark 1906-30:2-3.
¹⁹⁶Atwood 1979:171.
¹⁹⁷Dawson Daily News, 14 June 1907, 26 June 1907, 2 July 1907.
¹⁹⁸Atwood 1979:171; Dawson Daily News, 14 May 1907.
¹⁹⁹Dawson Daily News, 18 May 1907, 28 May 1907.
²⁰⁰Clark 1906-30:7.
²⁰¹Dawson Daily News, 26 June 1907, 28 June 1907.
²⁰²Dawson Daily News, 28 June 1907.
²⁰³Dawson Daily News, 2 July 1907 (dated 22 June 1907 in Fairbanks).
²⁰⁴Dawson Daily News, 30 July 1907.
²⁰⁵Dawson Daily News, 27 August 1907.
²⁰⁶Dawson Daily News, 27 August 1907.
²⁰⁷Dawson Daily News, 28 May 1907, 29 May 1907.
²⁰⁸Dawson Daily News, 5 June 1907.
²⁰⁹Dawson Daily News, 28 May 1907.
²¹⁰Atwood 1979:172; Solka and Bremer 1980:15.
²¹¹The Miners' Union Bulletin, 1(19).
²¹²Wickersham diary 3/15/08 in Atwood 1979:172.
²¹³Clark 1906-30:6.
²¹⁴Atwood 1979:173.
²¹⁵Dawson Daily News, 27 August 1907.
²¹⁶Clark 1906-30:7.
²¹⁷Solka and Bremer 1980:15.
²¹⁸Clark 1906-30:2.
²¹⁹Matheson 1978.
²²⁰Matheson 1978.
²²¹Solka and Bremer 1980:69.
²²²Galbraith 1975. The Barnette Project archaeologists discovered a piece of linotype in the trench associated with the Alaska Daily Citizen building.
²²³Solka and Bremer 1980.
²²⁴Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, July 16, 1923.
²²⁵Terrence Cole, personal communication, 1997.
²²⁶Clark 1972:198.
²²⁷Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, 5 June 1906.
²²⁸Dalby 1984.
²²⁹Dalby 1984.
²³⁰Tanana Magazine, 1912.
²³¹Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Samson Hardware. On file, Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Fairbanks, 1978.
²³²Matheson 1978.
²³³Ketz and Arundale 1986.
²³⁴Jackovich, personal communication, 1993 and 1996.
²³⁵Department of Transportation and Public Facilities 1978; Lazenby 1990.
²³⁶See also Lazenby 1990.
²³⁷Department of Transportation 1978.
²³⁸Matheson 1978.
²³⁹Alaska Department of Transporation and Public Facilities 1988.
²⁴⁰Cole 1989:9.
²⁴¹Plat of Amended U.S. Survey No. 806 of the Trading Site of the Tanana Mill Company, April 16, 1920. Map on file, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Fairbanks.
²⁴²Cole 1989.
²⁴³Cole 1989.
²⁴⁴Cole 1989:10.
²⁴⁵Matheson 1979.
²⁴⁶Cole 1989; Lazenby 1990.
²⁴⁷Matheson 1979. At the time of our survey in 1993, this was owned by the Catholic Church.
²⁴⁸for example Lazenby 1990.

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